Technology has progressed at an accelerating speed in industrialized countries all along the 19th and 20th centuries and there are no signs of slowing down in the 21st century. Among the areas where technology has made a difference in our lives, healthcare is certainly one of the most important.
There is, of course, the science, Biology, dubbed “the science of the 20th century” in a comparison to Physics and Chemistry that dominated previous times. Our detailed understanding of the mechanisms of life has progressed greatly but, beyond the discovery of the DNA code, no other revolution has occurred. Instead, laboratory technologies have allowed cloning of the human and other species genome with a performance that goes beyond the wildest dreams of my own university professors. Genetic engineering has provided the tools for making new drugs and new crops revolutionizing several medical fields and the world agriculture.
There is Medicine itself: the fine art of disease diagnosis. Here again, imaging and diagnostic technologies have made the difference and the good old doctor’s intuition has been put to the back-burner and replaced by standardized guidelines and recommendations. And then there is surgery, which is also heavily supported by technology.
The result of all the above has been a real miracle. Life expectancy has steadily increased in the past hundred years. Quality of life has also improved in a way that we usually underestimate.
The problem: Life expectancy and QoL
I was recently in Vienna, Austria and took the time to visit the Hapsburg crypt where 145 members of the illustrious imperial family are buried since 1633. The crypt provides a perfect model for studying life expectancy and quality of life inside a privileged family.
The first thing that impressed me was the number of infant deaths. Many members of the family did not survive the first year. Several died at birth and over 25% of those entombed here were five-years of age or less when they died. As the visit moves through time, the lifespan of the members increases steadily and the last two, Otto von Hapsburg and Zita Bourbon-Parma lived to be 99 and 97 years old.
The second curiosity comes from the molded sculls decorating many of the sarcophagi in the vault. Those were made from the actual scull of the defunct and one immediately notices the missing teeth. Members of the imperial family as young as seventeen or twenty years old were missing several teeth and some of them could obviously not eat meat at all. Those teeth did not fall off overnight. They were associated to painful toothaches for which painkillers did not exist. Those sculls remind us how miserable life could be even for kings only decades ago.
Now let’s take a look at life expectancy in France, an industrial country of 60 million with a traditionally strong healthcare system. In the decade 1997-2007, it has increased by 2.5 years. This means that we added 150 million years of human life on French territory during this decade. A hundred and fifty million years of old people’s life that is (infant mortality has not improved during the period). A hundred and fifty million years of retired people’s life. People, who do not work, do not create value but consume pensions and increasing healthcare cost instead. Assuming a modest 10,000 Euro cost per person/year, France, during this decade, has added a cost of 1500 billion Euros, three quarters of its total public debt of 2000 billion Euros.
So medical science, supported by technology, has performed miracles in the past decades and for all we know it can perform even more miracles in the years to come. The question now is not “what are we able to achieve” but “what are we able to afford”. And this is not an ethical question. We have come to a point where we cannot pay for more life unless we change the economic model we live under and unless we do that the momentum for more medical miracles is diminishing.
Technical miracles are not the only thing that our western societies have achieved in the past century. Healthcare insurance is the second pillar of our improving health. Together with retirement pensions it provides the framework for a long, healthy life; a framework that kept growing and has now become a bottomless pit in our economies. For the first time in modern history, projections show that our children may have a worse life than we did. Fueled by double digit growth and cold war confrontation with communist regimes that claimed to provide everything for free, education, health, transportation etc., the western healthcare/ pension system has reached its limits and cannot survive in the absence of further growth. And growth is exactly what we do not have. At the same time, health-related expenses are still forecasted to grow from 6.7% of GDP to between 10 and 13% by 2050. So how can we preserve the benefits built over the past century in healthcare in the absence of growth?
What solutions?
Technology, once again, may provide the answers. But which technologies?
According to a recent report in the MIT Technology Review by Jonathan Skinner entitled “The costly paradox of health-care technology”, the author notices that in every industry but one, technology makes things better and cheaper and asks the question: “Why is it that innovation increases the cost of health-care?” The report concludes that among the different technologies available, only those that allow a better use of existing information and infrastructure can contribute to lowering the cost of health-care. I will add those that help lower the cost of developing new drugs.
Drugs: Why are they so expensive?
DDAs (direct-acting antivirals) are potent drugs capable of eradicating diseases like Hepatitis C which is estimated to have infected 185 million people around the globe. One of the major barriers in dong so is the astronomical price of DDAs, which makes it difficult to contemplate massive actions even within the European Union. Why are many new drugs so costly that even western economies struggle to afford them? And how can we ensure access to effective drugs to low-income populations while maintaining the incentive for new discoveries?
The high price of drugs is mainly due to high development cost. All R&D inclusive, a new drug costs between 4 and 11 billion dollars (Matthew Herper, Forbes Staff, Pharma & Healthcare 2/10/2012) of which an average 54% is spent in the final stages of development (CMR International, 2012 Pharmaceutical R&D factbook). Which technologies can help reduce the cost and the time of drug development ?
Computing power: The atomic bomb paradigm
During the second half of the 20th century, countries developing nuclear bombs were regularly testing their new weapons with devastating consequences on the environment. Today there are no more nuclear tests performed although the development of atomic weapons has not stopped. This is because computers have become powerful enough to simulate the explosions and their effects even for new bombs. Could computers be as helpful in saving lives as they are in the nuclear field? Several tests have been launched to simulate early stage clinical trials and the FDA is fully supportive of this approach that can allow to skip over the initial stages of drug development. In later stage development, «virtual» clinical trial have been performed with real patients but with no need for costly visits to the investigational sites as all data were collected remotely over the internet. Today, Internet 2.0 and social media are widely used to recruit patients for clinical trials and thus shorten the development cycles.
Biology and Moore’s law
Moore’s law is about the evolution of electronic circuits. It is the observation that, over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every eighteen months while the cost is divided by two. We all know what this exponential evolution has done for computers. Well, biology has done much better in the past six years. The cost of gene sequencing followed closely Moore’s law up until 2008 and then the progress accelerated. What cost 100 million dollars in 2001 can now be done for about 5000 dollars and wills soon be included in the price of a routine examination.
Big data: from personal data to personalized medicine
Computing power and analytical techniques have progressed to a point where huge amounts of data can be collected from each individual and processed in various ways. This may allow in a near future the quicker development of drugs by selecting the most representative individuals for clinical trials, the production of slightly varying medications better adapted to each patient, better diagnosis and even the prediction of risks for conditions to come.
Collecting and processing such large amounts of data was unthinkable only years ago but today, big data analytics are changing the game. It is possible to extract meaning from very large collections of apparently disparate and not standardized data. It is possible to introduce intelligence in the way these data are processed, make deductions by comparing patterns and in the end draw enormous value from what used to be considered as the stack of hay where the needle was lost. The next version of spell check will be smart enough to understand who you are writing to and adapt the spelling to «professional», «casual» or «phonetic». Software companies are partnering with doctors and hospitals to devise new ways to extract information from massive medical data. Chronic diseases, cancer, neuro-degenerative diseases can hope to find treatments and even cure and, most important, personalized treatments better adapted to each patient.
There is a caveat however in having such insight in people’s health: confidentiality of personal information that can lead to discrimination. Our ethics will certainly struggle to keep up with our technological progress but in the end we will need to find the right answers because technological progress in unstoppable.
Standardization: The difficult «easy solution»
Standardization can help exchange and process data and it was very early recognized as the key to effective use of medical information. A number of institutions have taken up the task to create and maintain standards, WHO, ISO, HL7 are some of them and they each manage tenths of different standards. This led Andrew Tanenbaum, a computer scientist, the famous saying: “The nice thing about standards is that you have so many to choose from.”
Data standardization has progressed at a slower pace than anticipated. It has progressed nevertheless and a new landscape is slowly emerging that allows greater digitization of medical information and better use of it. Some countries like Israel now have fully digitized medical records and can expect to be the first to take advantage of new information technologies in the healthcare area.
The European Union has also made considerable efforts to standardize medical records across the 27 member states in the framework of its fundamental mission, to allow the free movement of European citizens inside the European space. Recently the Union published a guidance for information exchange that is seen as a key step for collaboration for the benefit of patients according to Paola Testori Coggi, Director General for DG Health & Consumers, European Commission.
The European Union has launched a vast program to allow better use of computer technologies in Healthcare management called eHealth. This program includes several projects aiming at making information more reliable, more accurate and more exchangeable to help people’s mobility but also a better use of existing infrastructure within the boundaries of the Union.
Is there still hope?
The recent economic crisis seems to have opened Pandora’s box highlighting a great number of issues that came along with the progress of our quality of life the resolution of which resembles a Chinese puzzle on top of a ticking bomb. But in the Greek myth of Pandora, inside the doom box remained one last element that came out last: Hope.
A recent study entitled “Old age mortality and macroeconomic cycles” found that “In developed countries, mortality rates increase during upward cycles in the economy, and decrease during downward cycles. This effect is similar for the older and middle-aged population. Traditional explanations as work-stress and traffic accidents cannot explain our findings. Lower levels of social support and informal care by the working population during good economic times can play an important role, but this remains to be formally investigated.”